Book review

Teresa MORENO and Wes GIBBONS (eds.), The Geology of Chile. London: Geological Society, 2007

Molecular Pathology of Lewy Body Diseases

Lewy body diseases are characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein(AS)-positive inclusions in the brain. Since their main component is conformationally modified AS, aggregation of the latter is thought to be a key pathogenic event in these diseases. The analysis of inclusion body constituents gives additional information about pathways also involved in the pathology of synucleinopathies. Widespread mitochondrial dysfunction is very closely related to disease development. The impairment of protein degradation pathways, including both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome pathway also play an important role during the development of Lewy body diseases. Finally, differential expression changes of isoforms corresponding to genes primarily involved in Lewy body formation point to alternative splicing as another important mechanism in the development of Parkinson’s disease, as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. The present paper attempts to give an overview of recent molecular findings related to the pathogenesis of Lewy body diseases

Genètica de la Butirilcolinesterasa en les sinucleïnopaties: Establiment d'una eina pel diagnòstic diferencial de la demència amb cossos de Lewy

Les malalties neurodegeneratives es desenvolupen gràcies a diferents mecanismes moleculars, que produeixen agregació de proteïnes mal plegades en diverses àrees cerebrals. D'una banda, l'α-sinucleïna es troba als cossos de Lewy presents a la malaltia de Parkinson i a les demències amb cossos de Lewy (DCL: DCL de tipus pur, DCLp; DCL de tipus comuna, DCLc) i a les inclusions citoplasmàtiques glials, que són la característica neuropatològica de l'atròfia multisistèmica (AMS). D'altra banda, les plaques senils formades principalment per β-amiloide i cabdells neurofibril·lars amb tau hiperfosforilada són la peculiaritat principal de la malaltia d'Alzheimer (MA). A més, la MA es caracteritza per un dèficit colinèrgic, el qual és encara més acusat a les DCL. En el present treball s'ha estudiat la genètica de la butirilcolinesterasa (BChE), un enzim de tipus glicoproteic que intervé en el metabolisme de l'acetilcolina, sobre les sinucleïnopaties en comparació amb la MA com a control de neurodegeneració, així com mostres control. L'estudi es va iniciar analitzant la freqüència de la variant K (A1699G, A539T) de BChE que està descrit com un possible factor de risc a patir la MA a les mostres post mortem (25 MA, 12 DCLp, 24 DCLc, 5 MP, 6 AMS i 25 controls). Es va observar una marcada acumulació de l'al·lel K de BChE en totes les demències en comparació amb els controls. A continuació es va caracteritzar el promotor de BChE mitjançant seqüenciació i s'hi van trobar quatre polimorfismes no descrits. Aquests es van genotipar a totes les mostres post mortem i els resultats van ser analitzats conjuntament per identificar possibles combinacions genotípiques específiques formades pels polimorfismes del promotor i la variant K de BChE. El resultat més rellevant va ser la detecció d'una combinació genotípica, AAAGCC8+K+, específica per al 17% de les mostres amb DCL. L'aplicació del genotipat de BChE com a eina per al diagnòstic diferencial augmentaria l'especificitat diagnòstica de les DCL, que tot i que l'any 2005 es van establir nous criteris per al seu diagnòstic clínic, es diagnostiquen erròniament entre el 40 i el 80 % dels casos. Per corroborar les dades obtingudes a partir de mostres post mortem, es va fer un estudi a partir de mostres de sang de 230 pacients amb MA, 21 amb AMS, 23 amb MP i 160 controls. Per completar l'anàlisi de BChE, es va analitzar l'expressió relativa de les quatre variants de splicing a nivell d'mRNA al còrtex frontal, còrtex temporal, nucli caudat i cerebel utilitzant PCR a temps real. El resultat va ser l'obtenció de patrons d'expressió determinats per a cada malaltia estudiada. Finalment, per immunohistoquímica es va concloure que BChE no es troba en els cossos de Lewy, ja que no colocalitza amb α-sinucleïna. Encara que per a la MA s'han descrit diferents marcadors genètics, fins al moment no se'n coneix cap per a les DCL. Mentre que els patrons d'expressió de mRNA característics de cada patologia trobats poden ajudar a elucidar els possibles mecanismes moleculars involucrats en el desenvolupament de les DCL, la determinació de les combinacions genotípiques específiques podran ajudar en el seu diagnòstic diferencial.Neurodegenerative diseases develop through different molecular mechanisms that produce aggregation of unfolded proteins in different brain areas. On one hand, α-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies that can be found in Parkinson's disease and in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB: pure DLB, pDLB; common DLB, cDLB) and in glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) that are the pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA). On the other hand, senile plaques composed primarily of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorilated tau are the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, AD is characterized by a cholinergic deficit, which is even more pronounced in DLB. In this thesis we have studied Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a glycoproteic enzyme that mediates acetylcholine metabolism, in synucleinopathies compared with AD, as a control of neurodegeneration, as well as, with control samples.The study began by analysing the frequency of BChE K-variant (A1699G, A539T), that is described as a possible risk factor to suffer AD, in post mortem samples (25 AD, 12 pDLB , 24 cDLB, 5 PD, 6 MSA and 25 controls). There was a marked accumulation of BChE K allele in all dementias compared with controls.Then BChE promoter was characterized and four new polymorphisms were found. These were genotyped in all post mortem samples, results were analyzed together to identify specific genotypic combinations formed by polymorphisms of the promoter and BChE K-variant. The most relevant result was the detection of a genotypic combination, AAAGCC8+K+, specific for 17% of DLB samples. The application of BChE genotyping as a tool for differential diagnosis would increase the diagnostic specificity of DLB, that although in 2005 new criteria for its clinical diagnosis were established, between 40-80% cases are misdiagnosed. To corroborate the data obtained from post mortem samples, a study from blood samples of 230 AD patients, 21 with MSA, 23 with PD and 160 controls was done.To complete the analysis of BChE, we examined the relative expression of four splice variants in frontal cortex, temporal cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum using real time PCR. Specific expression patterns for each disease studied were obtained. Finally, immunohistochemistry concluded that BChE is not found in Lewy bodies, as it does not colocalize with α-synuclein.Although several AD genetic markers have been described, until this moment none is known for DLB. While the mRNA expression patterns characteristic of the disease may help to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the development of DLB, the determination of the specific genotypic combination can help in their differential diagnosis

Molecular Pathology of Lewy Body Diseases

Lewy body diseases are characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies, alphasynuclein(AS)-positive inclusions in the brain. Since their main component is conformationally modified AS, aggregation of the latter is thought to be a key pathogenic event in these diseases. The analysis of inclusion body constituents gives additional information about pathways also involved in the pathology of synucleinopathies. Widespread mitochondrial dysfunction is very closely related to disease development. The impairment of protein degradation pathways, including both the ubiquitinproteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome pathway also play an important role during the development of Lewy body diseases. Finally, differential expression changes of isoforms corresponding to genes primarily involved in Lewy body formation point to alternative splicing as another important mechanism in the development of Parkinson's disease, as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. The present paper attempts to give an overview of recent molecular findings related to the pathogenesis of Lewy body diseases

Mesozoic geology of Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

Al Cap de Shirr e ff (Fig. 1) hi aflora una successió volcànica de com a mínim 450 m de potència, constituïda principalment per laves i, en menor proporció, bretxes vulcanoclàstiques (Fig. 2). Les laves són basalts olivínics subalcalins i andesites basàltiques, que generalment tenen un aspecte massiu. Tot i això, la successió volcànica localment forma una alternança decimètrica de nivells durs i tous, amb potències va r i a bles i presència local de discordances angulars i onlaps, que reflecteixen geometries deposicionals complexes. A la zona nord del Cap de Shirr e ff hi ha aflorament de bretxes vulcanoclàstiques d"aspecte massiu, que localment tenen intercalacions de laves..

Volcanic Stratigraphy of Hannah Point, Livingston Island, Shout Shetland Islands, Antarctica

The Upper Cretaceous volcanic succession of Hannah Point is the best exposure of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group on Livingston Island. The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the characterisation of the stratigraphy and petrography of this little studied succession, and briefly discuss some aspects of the eruptive style of its volcanism. The succession is about 470 m thick and is here subdivides into five lithostratigraphic units (A to E from base to top). Unit A, approximately 120 m thick, is mainiy composed of polymict clast-supported volcaniclastic breccias and also includes a dacitic lava layer. Interstratified in the breccias of this unit, there is a thin laminated devitrified layer which shows some degree of welding. Unit B, approximately 70 m thick, is almost entirely composed of volcaniclastic breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate layer. Breccias in this unit can be subdivided into two distinct types; polymict elast-supported breccias, and monomict matrix-supported breccias rich in juvenile components and displaying incipient welding. Unit C, about 65 m thick, is mainly composed of basaltic lavas, which are interlayered with minor volcaniclastic breccias. Unit D, approximately 65 m thick, is lithologically similar to unit B, composed of an alternation of polymict clast-supported breccias and matrix-supported breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate layer. Unit E, about 150 m thick, is mainly formed of thick andesitic lava layers. Minor basaltic dykes and a few normal faults cut the succession, and the contact between units A and B can be interpreted both as an unconformity or a fault. The matrix-supported breccias included in the succession of Hannah Point have high contents of juvenile components and incipient welding, which suggest that part of the succession is the result of pyroclastic fragmentation and emplacement from pyroclastic flows. In contrast, the polymict clast-supported breccias suggest reworking of previous deposits and deposition from cool mass flows. The lavas indicate effusive volcanic eruptions, and the absence of features indicative of subaqueous volcanism suggests that at least these portions of the succession were emplaced in a subaerial environment

The Geology of Chile: Book Review By Teresa Moreno and Wes Gibbons (eds.) Geological Society. London (United Kingdom). 414 pages, 286 figures including maps, charts and pictures; 27,5x21 cm, ISBN 978-1-86239 (hardback) and ISBN 978-1-86239-220-5 (softback)

Earth Science books or journals assembling review papers on the geology of a country are always welcome, since they usually provide updated "states-of-the-art" about the knowledge of the region considered

The Geology of Chile: Book Review By Teresa Moreno and Wes Gibbons (eds.) Geological Society. London (United Kingdom). 414 pages, 286 figures including maps, charts and pictures; 27,5x21 cm, ISBN 978-1-86239 (hardback) and ISBN 978-1-86239-220-5 (softback)

Earth Science books or journals assembling review papers on the geology of a country are always welcome, since they usually provide updated "states-of-the-art" about the knowledge of the region considered

Identification and experimental validation of druggable epigenetic targets in hepatoblastoma

International audienc